Battle of Agincourt - Hundred Years War

Skirmish of Agincourt - Hundred Years' War Clash of Agincourt: Date Conflict: The Battle of Agincourt was battled October 25, 1415, during the Hundred Years War (1337-1453). Armed forces Commanders: English Ruler Henry Vapprox. 6,000-8,500 men French Constable of France Charles dAlbretMarshal Boucicautapprox. 24,000-36,000 men Clash of Agincourt - Background: In 1414, King Henry V of England started conversations with his aristocrats in regards to recharging the war with France to declare his case on the French seat. He held this case through his granddad, Edward III who started the Hundred Years War in 1337. At first hesitant, they urged the ruler to haggle with the French. In doing as such, Henry was happy to revoke his case to the French seat in return for 1.6 million crowns (the exceptional payment on French King John II - caught at Poitiers in 1356), just as French acknowledgment of English domain over involved terrains in France. These included Touraine, Normandy, Anjou, Flanders, Brittany, and Aquitaine. To take care of business, Henry was eager to wed the youthful little girl of the incessantly crazy King Charles VI, Princess Catherine, on the off chance that he got a share of 2 million crowns. Believing these requests excessively high, the French countered with an endowment of 600,000 crowns and a proposal to surrender lands in Aquitaine. Negotiations immediately slowed down as the French would not expand the settlement. With talks stopped and feeling by and by offended by French activities, Henry effectively requested war on April 19, 1415. Gathering a multitude of around, Henry crossed the Channel with around 10,500 men and arrived close Harfleur on August 13/14. Clash of Agincourt - Moving to Battle: Rapidly contributing Harfleur, Henry planned to accept the city as a base before propelling east to Paris and afterward south to Bordeaux. Meeting a decided protection, the attack kept going longer than the English had at first trusted and Henrys armed force was plagued by an assortment of ailments, for example, loose bowels. At the point when the city at last fell on September 22, most of the battling season had passed. Surveying his circumstance, Henry chose for move upper east to his fortification at Calais where the military could winter in wellbeing. The walk was likewise planned to show his entitlement to govern Normandy. Leaving a battalion at Harfleur, his powers left on October 8. Planning to move rapidly, the English armed force left their mounted guns and a significant part of the stuff train just as conveyed restricted arrangements. While the English were involved at Harfleur, the French battled to raise a military to restrict them. Social event powers at Rouen, they were not prepared when the city fell. Seeking after Henry, the French tried to barricade the English along the River Somme. These moves demonstrated to some degree effective as Henry had to go southeast to look for an uncontested intersection. Therefore, food turned out to be scant in the English positions. At last intersection the waterway at Bellencourt and Voyenes on October 19, Henry went ahead towards Calais. The English development was shadowed by the developing French armed force under the ostensible order of Constable Charles dAlbret and Marshal Boucicaut. On October 24, Henrys scouts revealed that the French armed force had moved over their way and was hindering the way to Calais. In spite of the fact that his men were starving and experiencing infection, he ended and framed for the fight to come along an edge between the forested areas of Agincourt and Tramecourt. In a solid position, his toxophilite drove stakes into the ground to ensure against rangers assault. Clash of Agincourt - Formations: In spite of the fact that Henry didn't want fight because of being severely dwarfed, he comprehended that the French would just become more grounded. In sending, men under the Duke of York shaped the English right, while Henry drove the middle and Lord Camoys instructed the left. Occupying the open ground between the two woods, the English line of men at arms was four positions profound. The bowmen accepted situations on the flanks with another gathering perhaps being situated in the middle. Alternately the French were energetic for the fight to come and foreseen triumph. Their military framed in three lines with dAlbret and Boucicault driving the first with the Dukes of Orleans and Bourbon. The subsequent line was driven by the Dukes of Bar and Alen㠧on and the Count of Nevers. Skirmish of Agincourt - The Armies Clash: The evening of October 24/25 was set apart by overwhelming precipitation which transformed the recently furrowed fields in the region into a sloppy mess. As the sun rose, the landscape supported the English as the limited space between the two woods attempted to nullify the French numerical favorable position. Three hours passed and the French, anticipating fortifications and maybe having gained from their annihilation at Cr㠩cy, didn't assault. Compelled to make the primary move, Henry faced a challenge and progressed between the forested areas to inside outrageous range for his bowmen. The French neglected to hit with the English were powerless (Map). Subsequently, Henry had the option to build up another cautious position and his toxophilite had the option to brace their lines with stakes. This done, they released a torrent with their longbows. With the English bowmen filling the sky with bolts, the French rangers started a scattered charge against the English situation with the primary line of men-at-arms following. Chop somewhere near the toxophilite, the mounted force neglected to break the English line and prevailing with regards to doing minimal more than beating the mud between the two armed forces. Fixed in by the forested areas, they withdrew through the main line debilitating its arrangement. Trudging forward through the mud, the French infantry was depleted by the effort while likewise taking misfortunes from the English bowmen. Arriving at the English men-at-arms, they had the option to at first push them back. Energizing, the English before long started exacting substantial misfortunes as the landscape kept the more noteworthy French numbers from telling. The French were additionally hampered by the press of numbers from the side and behind which restricted their capacity to assault or protect successfully. As the English toxophilite consumed their bolts, they drew blades and different weapons and started assaulting the French flanks. As a scuffle created, the subsequent French line joined the brawl. As the fight seethed, dAlbret was murdered and sources demonstrate that Henry assumed a functioning job at the front. Having vanquished the initial two French lines, Henry stayed vigilant as the third line, drove by the Counts of Dammartin and Fauconberg, stayed a danger. The main French accomplishment during the battling came when Ysembart dAzincourt drove a little power in a fruitful attack on the English things train. This, alongside the threatening activities of the staying French soldiers, drove Henry to arrange the murdering of most of his detainees to keep them from assaulting should the fight continue. In spite of the fact that scrutinized by current researchers, this activity was acknowledged as fundamental at that point. Surveying the enormous misfortunes previously continued, the staying French soldiers left the region. Clash of Agincourt - Aftermath: Setbacks for the Battle of Agincourt are not known with assurance, however numerous researchers gauge the French endured 7,000-10,000 with another 1,500 aristocrats taken prisoner. English misfortunes are commonly acknowledged to associate with 100 and maybe as high as 500. Despite the fact that he had won a shocking triumph, Henry couldn't squeeze home his favorable position because of the debilitated condition of his military. Arriving at Calais on October 29, Henry came back to England the next month where he was welcomed as a legend. In spite of the fact that it would take a few additional long stretches of crusading to accomplish his objectives, the demolition created upon the French respectability at Agincourt put forth Henrys later attempts simpler. In 1420, he had the option to close the Treaty of Troyes which remembered him as the official and beneficiary to the French seat. Chosen Sources History of War: Battle of Agincourt

Audit & Assurance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Review and Assurance - Essay Example Hence US presented the Sarbanes Oxley Act in 2002 and UK, in 2003, set up two surveys RRAP (Regulatory Regime of Accountancy Profession) and CGAA (Coordinating Group on Audit and Accounting) (Gray and Manson, 2007, p.140). The review panel comprises of top managerial staff who are depended with the oversight of money related reports arrangement and revelations. The more solid the data is the more it is helpful and through the examining this intention is accomplished. The investors of an organization are its proprietors who designate the stewards as chiefs and supervisors to deal with the organization for their benefit. The issue emerges when the stewards place their own advantages before the owners’ interests. Also, as the administrators are at a favorable position over investors as far as data the reviewing (both inner and outer) capacities become even more significant. The ongoing budgetary emergency has prompted the prerequisite of improving the straightforwardness on the m anager’s exercises and their hazard the board. The ID, examination and the executives of the operational just as vital hazard are the way to maintain a strategic distance from disappointments of firms if the emergencies were to happen in future. The review board alone isn't capable to forestall the financial downturn however assumes a significant job by testing the suspicions and evaluations the inspectors attempt as a feature of the review procedure as the monetary condition changes with time (FRC, 2011). Destinations of the Paper This paper has mostly five targets. Initially, to comprehend the rights and obligations of the review advisory group and their significance in today’s unstable money related condition. Furthermore, why firms need review advisory groups and what they are never helping to review committees’ viability. Thirdly, the significance and significance of Audit Assurance has been clarified. Fourthly, there is a clarification of the review proced ure both inner just as outside. Fifthly, the job of controllers and review firms in acquiring more adequacy review procedure and straightforwardness in money related exposures with the goal that the financial specialists capable ready to take educated choices. Rights and Responsibilities of the Audit Committee The Financial Reporting Council has given the rules on Audit Committees. The privileges of review board of trustees are as per the following: 1. All the executives and the executives staff are committed to keep the review council appropriately educated regardless of whether not inquired. They should be helpful with the review board. 2. The assessments of the review council ought to be tuned in and talked about by both the administration and the board. 3. The review board of trustees has a privilege to mediate in the event that it finds any disparity in the review and money related controls process. What's more, in the event that not fulfilled by the clarifications given by the administration, at that point it might look for autonomous counsel. 4. Crafted by the review board of trustees gets tedious and concentrated; in this way the executives must furnish them with the important assets including the installment. There ought to likewise be an arrangement of acceptance and preparing of the new review council individuals in the organization. The preparation might be proceeded whenever required. The leading group of the organization ought to build up a review board of trustees with in any event a few individuals in meeting with the selection

Bank of America Marketing Plan Essay

Unique Bank of America is a money related foundation, serving singular buyers, little and center market organizations, partnerships and Governments with a scope of banking, contributing, resource the board and other budgetary and hazard the executives items and administrations. I pick Bank of America for some reasons: it is brand name and great money related position biggest bank in the America market and steady and developing area in US. Through its banking and different nonbanking auxiliaries all through the United States and in universal markets, the Company gives a scope of banking and nonbanking money related administrations and items through five business sections: Consumer and Business Banking, Consumer Real Estate Services, Global Banking, Global Markets and Global Wealth and Investment Management. Bank Of America Marketing Plan Current Situation Bank of America is a budgetary foundation, serving singular purchasers, little and center market organizations, enterprises and Governments with a scope of banking, contributing, resource the executives and other money related and chance administration items and administrations. Through its banking and different nonbanking auxiliaries all through the United States and in universal markets, the Company gives a scope of banking and nonbanking monetary administrations and items through five business sections: Consumer and Business Banking, Consumer Real Estate Services, Global Banking, Global Markets and Global Wealth and Investment Management. In October 2013, Bank of America Corporation declared the fruition of the merger of its Merrill Lynch and Co., Inc. auxiliary into Bank of America Corporation. Contenders Some of Bank of America contenders are Wells Fargo, HSBC, JPMorgan, and Citigroup. Market Objectives Meredith Verdone, is Bank of America’s head of brand advertising. In a meeting she said that the bank is attempting to have more â€Å"humility† approach for a change. Bank of America center is around client needs. Bank of America has another battle; â€Å"life is better when we are connected.† Message of bank of America is to be out of sight and help individuals in their everyday lives. Item Strategy Bank of America offers items and administrations to purchasers and organizations. It offers checking, Savings, charge cards, credits, home loans and contributing alternatives. Bank of America has serious cost dependent on the item and administrations they offer to their customers. Spot Bank of America serves its cliental around the world. It is based locally and universally. Advancement Strategy The dispatch of the purchaser battle gave Bank of America’s retail branches, equipping them with iPads and ATMs with videoconferencing capabilities†just as upgrades to the bank’s site and versatile contributions. Bank of America guarantees that they see 50,000 downloads seven days of its versatile application. Activity Programs Bank of America utilizes progressively human publicizing and way to deal with its customer. It needs to be engaged with client’s everyday exercises. They habitually promote on TV utilizing genuine circumstances with the logo â€Å" life is better when we are connected.† Spending plan Bank of America’s yearly showcasing spending plan is $2billion. Estimations Salaries The normal pay for estimations and announcing expert bank of America employments is $42,000. Normal estimations and announcing expert bank of America pay rates can shift incredibly because of organization, area, industry, experience and advantages. WOT Analysis SWOT Analysis Qualities Shortcomings Solid brand name and great monetary position Biggest bank in the America advertise Steady and developing financial part in US Fantastic Service and item development More than 285,000 worker over the world Serves customers in excess of 150 nations ATM Convenience Feeble resource position Customer credit discussions Terrible Mortgages Reprimanded by its clients for raising loan costs High staff turnover Feeble discount banking Openings Dangers Extension in different nations Differentiating portfolios for clients Developing charge card an incentive for the shoppers Further combination in the financial business Changing government guidelines and money related emergency like downturns Rivalry from different banks Limitations in capital market The Mission Statement of Bank of America: â€Å"Our mission is to offer loaning and speculation items that Serve low-and moderate-salary people and families Improve underserved low-and moderate-salary networks Make manageable practices for the long haul†

Why Five Jesus Essay Topics Is the Best - Here is Why

Why Five Jesus Essay Topics Is the Best - Here is WhyWhat is the best Jesus Essay Topics? There are many styles to do a topic. Some of the most popular topics that many students do are: What Does It Mean To Be A Christian, What Is The Message Of The Bible, What Is A True Person?But these are just some of the Jesus Essay Topics. There are so many more to choose from. I'm going to list my top five Jesus Essay Topics for you to choose from.The Life Story - Of course, the life story would be the first one that you want to start with. What type of stories can you tell about yourself? How did you come to know Jesus? This is the one of the most popular topics that any student has chosen.Help For Others - Another topic is Help For Others. We all want to help our family and friends in any way we can. Some people are hesitant to help others because they think it will take away from their own charity but this is not true.Obedience - Obeying God - If we keep following His commandments, he will g ive us God's blessing. This is a God's Kingdom for sure. So if you ever feel the call to obey God, this is the Jesus Essay Topic that will lead you on your path. There are many more to choose from such as; Should I Give Up My Lifestyle to Follow Jesus?When I talk about the five best Jesus Essay Topics for you to pick from, I don't mean to limit yourself to the five best article essay topics that I've seen but what I do mean is that there are many different topics out there that can be chosen. What about the Bible itself, which article topics can you find?Christianity itself is full of Jesus Essay Topics to choose from. But in a nutshell, you can choose to follow Jesus, give up the worldly lifestyle, follow God and obey Him, or if you want, just follow Christ.

Similarities Between Christianity And Islam - 1409 Words

Christianity and Islam were both spread in socially and economically similar and politically different. They both had an important people that role and spread of the religions. Christianity included the individuals of who believe in Jesus Christ. Christians are the flowers of the Christ who often believed is the son of the God (â€Å"the father†); Christians strongly believe that Christ will return after the next life; the end of the world. Islam consists of individuals who believe in Allah, the god teaches the followers who are Muslims. Even though both Christianity and Islam are Abrahamic religions which both of them are mostly monotheistic meaning they believe in just one god. Christianity and Islam are very similar in economically and they both Islam and Christianity were a high impact on the reason of why religions were spread and the trade was in common. Trade was very important because exchanging was the main thing and religion was one of the things they exchanged. The reason why Trade was so important to both religions was because it wasn’t only the goodies were spread and it was also the ideas of religions. The Christianity and Islam both were remarkable on spread in craftwork, which was the main impact on the similarity of both Christianity and Islam. Christianity had Constantine to spread the religion and Islam had the Prophet and the caliphates to spread the religion. These people are the ones to spread the religions and it’s important for both religions. In theseShow MoreRelatedSimilarities Between Christianity And Islam993 Words   |  4 Pages Christianity and Islam are the two biggest religions that are present in the world today, with close to four billion followers combined. While Christianity and Islam actually have a lot more in common than most people think, there are still many differences to them. First, let’s start with the similarities between the two. 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Examples of these books are the Old/ New testament and the Quran. These books serve as their spiritual ancestors and are also know as Abrahamic religions. Although these books have a massive amount in common the clash of these two religions has caused for a mass crimes and violence across humanityRead MoreSimilarities Between Christianity And Islam891 Words   |  4 PagesChristianity came about 2000 years ago and was founded by Jesus Christ. It is mostly practiced in the Western world with a population of about 2 billion people. The name Christianity came from a Greek word ‘Christos’ meaning Jesus Christ and was founded between 4 B.C. and 30 A.D, and consist of the 3 major groups which are the Roman Catholic, Protestant and Orthodox. Islam on the other hand was founded about 1400 years ago by Muhammad in 600’s A.D. The word Islam is derived from an Arabic word forRead MoreSimilarities Between Christianity And Islam1332 Words   |  6 Pagesreligion has its own goal, and their own path and belief to reach their goals. However, there are many similarities in beliefs. Although the followers of Judaism, Christianit y, and Islam may see things differently, they all fundamentally hold the same values and codes. To Islam, the Prophet Mohammad’s teaching is a complete and final revelation. On the other hand, according to the bible, Christianity believes that Jesus Christ is the true lord and savior that will grant you the access to heaven in theRead MoreSimilarities Between Islam And Christianity1928 Words   |  8 Pagesget punished for practicing religion. The two religions bear some superficial similarities, the differences between the two religions is clear though. How the two religions practice their beliefs, the population, beliefs, and how they view â€Å"Jesus† are different and similar. Although the two religions are very different from each other, they also show some similarities. The main similarity is that Islam and Christianity both are monotheistic; meaning they believe in one god. Which are 2 out of theRead MoreSimilarities Between Islam And Christianity1619 Words   |  7 Pagessimilar beginnings, Islam is a religion of violence and Christianity is a religion of peace and therefore is more beneficial to society. It is important to understand the similarities between Islam and Christianity, specifically their origins, to better understand their differences. Islam is believed to have been started through the descendants of Abraham, a man who was considered a prophet of God in both Islam and Christianity. Many historians and theologians agree that Islam began through the lineage

Rhetorical Analysis Of Yeats Poem Essay - 769 Words

Rhetorical Analysis: â€Å"How many loved your moments of glad grace, And loved your beauty with love false or true, But one man loved the pilgrim Soul in you, And loved the sorrows of your changing face.†(Yeats, 1893). This sentence is picked up from ‘When you are old’, a love poem written by an Irish poet called William Butler Yeats. Although he was tortured by the unrequited love, he still strongly expressed his admire to the only love of his life (Poetry foundation, 2016). In the first line, the word ‘many’ tells the audience that her beauty was pursued by rivals. Whereas in the third line, the word ‘one’ emphasise Yeats’ unique love towards her passionate soul. By contrasting ‘many’ and ‘one’, it conveys that other men loved ‘your’ physical appearance and it is not true love. However, ‘I’ love ‘your’ intrinsic nature and everything about ‘you’. Yeats intended to use this poem to illustrate ‘I’ am the only one who loved ‘you’ for real. Furthermore, Yeats appeals to logic by using antithetical terms, ‘false’ and ‘true’, ‘beauty’ and ‘pilgrim soul’, ‘your moments of glad grace’ and ‘the sorrows of your changing face’, pointed out how difference his love is compared with other men. Additionally, though ‘I’ is not using in the sentence, Yeats successfully interjected himself into this poem. The use of second person narrative creates a direct connection between the writer and the audience. In other words, it evoke pathos through putting the audience into the situation andShow MoreRelated Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Essay: An Analysis846 Words   |  4 PagesAn Analysis of The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock The general fragmentation of The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock is obvious. The poem seems a perfect example of what Terry Eagleton calls the modern transition from metaphor to metonymy: unable any longer to totalize his experience in some heroic figure, the bourgeois is forced to let it trickle away into objects related to him by sheer contiguity. Everything in Prufrock trickles away into parts related to one another only by contiguityRead MoreMutilating Self Into Spirit: Sylvia Plaths Poems.4131 Words   |  17 PagesSylvia Plath’s poems: Translation of the self into spirit, after an ordeal of mutilation. Introduction of the poems and the essay: * â€Å"Daddy† Sylvia Plath uses her poem, â€Å"Daddy†, to express intense emotions towards her father’s life and death and her disastrous relationship with her husband. The speaker in this poem is Sylvia Plath who has lost her father at age ten, at a time when she still adored him unconditionally. Then she gradually realizes the oppressing dominance of her father, andRead MoreContemporary American Poetry and Its Public Worlds Essay8159 Words   |  33 Pagesforces of therapeutic culture and the fantasies proposed in various kinds of advertising. For poetry to achieve cultural currency, in both senses of that term, it may have to find ways of reconciling the energies of romantic lyricism to overtly rhetorical ambitions and strategies. It will take me a long time to get to those ambitions because I first have to clarify plausible ways of using the concept of poetrys relations to a public world, and then I have to use that discussion in order to dramatize

Marketing Ethics Ethical Marketing Decisions

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Ethics for Ethical Marketing Decisions. Answer: Introduction The recent developments in the area of marketing ethics are exploring various aspects of marketing field that consists of some ethical dimensions. The objective of this article is to research on the same and provide a systematic review of it. In recent years, the literature of ethics related to business and marketing has expanded both in importance and volume. Hence, it has become a necessity to clarify and focus into the area. This paper presents literature review on ethics in business with its mainly focus on marketing. Although, most of the reviews and literature in this articles have been extracted from Australian articles and reality, but maximum part of the information gained are applicable to other nations also. Objective In simple words, moral factors and challenges faced by marketing practitioners are referred to as marketing ethics i.e. what is morally good and bad, right and wrong in marketing. Since last 20 years there has been a noticeable rise in the interest shown in the area of ethics in marketing. This trend in marketing demonstrates the progression of group depictions with respect to businesss role in society (Batory, Neese Batory, 2005). Additionally, out of various zones of administration, marketing is certainly most debateable in regard to ethics (Tsalikis Fritzche 1990). Indeed, often society views ethics in marketing as most abusive and humiliating, due to the fact that it is the primary linkage amid environment and organization (Mercier, 2004). Still, ethical problems in the way of marketing and socializing do not hide the fact that they are moral. The rules, principles and morals confined to marketing which helps and guide leaders, all are physiognomies of ethical behaviour (Ballet De Bry, 2001). As discussed in research questions of assessment 1 the first part of the literature review will concentrate on normative marketing ethics, mainly concerned with how to maintain ethics and make decisions using ethical content. In a summarised way it could be said as what constitutes ethical marketing practice. In the next part we discuss the risks and issues faced by stakeholders in marketing and how the goodwill and credibility of the organization hampered due to unethical marketing research practices i.e. the effects of major ethical issues in marketing. Hence, this paper aims to have a better understanding of the ethics role in the area of marketing. For this, a thorough analysis of the literature was done considering around 25 marketing journals. Normative Marketing Ethics A better way to start the review is using oldest paper in the intact accumulation, Clarence Walton, a long-time conqueror of knowledge about ethics in business and marketing and a former President of American University, presented a paper during an AMA conference in 1990, observing continuous assaults on marketing and business, advised attention on three questions: What actually the market is doing? What should and should not be done? And Away from ethical necessities what should we like the market to do? Walton then came out with three foundations: business ethos, philosophical ethics and theological norms, in disagreement that there is much to be offered by philosophical ethics as a minimum concerning to problems of marketing. Rawls theory of justice, often called as Social Contract Theory (SCT), is a promising theory in reference to issues and risks of ethics in marketing. Ross, Smith and Dunfee introduced this theory in an article published in Marketing Journal in 2001, as a normative context in the area of marketing, exemplified by solicitation to commercial corruption and inducement. SCT was considered predominantly suitable due to its altercation association nature at the core of marketing. Rawlsian analysis was highlighted by Laczniak and Murphy in an article published in the year 2008, on distinct concern of the Macromarketing Journal which was mainly concentrated on distributive integrity. This integrity practiced on marketing deals with How the system of marketing, its practices, policies, structure and honestly allotments of rewards and forfeits amid the distinct organizations, affected by the procedure of marketing exchange. Distributive theory of integrity was advocated as a technique of instituting fairness inside such a distribution. Kohlberg advised that it should be conceded by ethics in marketing that it needs only to ask people to act in their own commercial interest and sincerely obey the law. Gaski replied to Kohlbergs comment and advice in a Journal of Business Ethics in the year 2005, He admitted need and importance of following ethical laws in the field of marketing including, considering own self-interest and obeying the law, but concluded that ethics in marketing has much far-reaching sphere. Gaski summarized Kohlbergs theory as, Acting in own self-interest area and obeying the law can only act as profitable guideline, they have exceptions in the area where ethics contradicts with self-interest and law. Risks and Issues in Marketing A framework was offered by Brenkert Marketing Ethics and Issues. Extensiveness of marketing was not the only aim of Brenkert but he also forced upon how unethical practices might harm Stakeholders and what issues they may come across. The first ethical issue that Brenkert introduced in this area is: Issues in Market Segmentation and Targeting Brenkert, in another article Ethics in Business mentioned the issues and risks connected with providing dangerous products to particular segments. Especially, he explained it by taking the example of story PowerMaster, how Brewing Company of G. Heileman failed in their marketing efforts due to unethical practices and malt liquor supply. Issues in Marketing Research Tybout and Zaltman stated in an article published in 1991 Journal of Marketing Research, possible allegations of rights of research participants might be violated in research. As a result it might result in low and poor worth of research information. Kimmel, Smith and Klein concentrated straight on research in the area of academic marketing and the disciplinary, mythological, and ethical consequences while using deception, in an article Psychology and Marketing published in the year 2011. Kimmel, Smith and Klein showed the reason and method to use deception and then offered an analysis of deception by using normative marketing ethics from both deontological and consequentialist viewpoint. At last they concluded that when ethics were applied to deception it resulted in social contract perspective. Issues in Advertising In the field of Advertising, the first major issue that arises is dishonesty. Kottman(1990) discussed this issue with Becker, who advised that dishonesty in the area of advertising has been exaggerated . Kottman rejected the reply suggested by Becker and worked upon highlighting many concerns in the field of advertising since past 25 years and still exist. He suggested that consumer wants truth while deception, exaggerations and distortions are coming in the way which is adversely affecting the marketing field in the area of advertising. Sixteen years hence, in 2005 Pollay in a journal of Marketing stated the complete synopsis of the literature out from the marketing field concentrating on cultural affects. He concluded that based on the assessments and evaluations advertising emphasizes loss of self-respect, powerlessness, sexual preoccupation, social competitiveness, anxiety, selfishness, irrationality, cynicm and materialism. Privacy Issues Communications in the field of marketing are generally online, which raises a high concern on individuals privacy. Caudill and Murphy observed ethical and legal issues in consumers privacy online in a paper in the year 2008. Federal Privacy Regulation was initially inspected which started in the year 1980s. At that point of time online privacy was a major public issue. An ERC was advised with the use of primary theories related to ethics for the evaluation of public policies, ethical policies and corporate policies. Since late 2000s issues related to online privacy has gained importance and the statement given then hold true today Our aspirations for consumer privacy advices an assimilation of public, ethical and business policy standards to moderate unavoidable loss of privacy seen by some. Effects on the Goodwill and Credibility of Organization Taylor, Skinner and Ingram (2008) stated that if the business activities of some organization are perceived as unethical by its committed consumers, chances are high that the company might lose its trustworthy and faithful customers and eventually the frequency and number of customer automatically shrinks. Ingram (2005) advised that unethical practices in marketing affect the behaviour of consumer in marketplace, as consumers nowadays are clever enough to sense. Consumers identifies organizations behaviour as unpleasant, customers may even deny buying the products and goods from the company (Carpenter, Rashi, and Nakamoto, 1994). The reason of such impulse behaviour could be the violation of ones rights and results of such activities are severe. Alexander (2006) enhances that the commitment of consumer is motivated by emotive and spiritual attachment with a company or brand. Conversely, ethics are judges differently by different individuals, and organizations when introducing some dr ive related to marketing, they must know how the stakeholders understand and has designed their way of judgment (Corey Bone 2001). Carrigan Attalla (2007) stated that unethical practices are referred to that behaviour which is morally unacceptable or illegal to a large society. Consumers make their opinion about some brand by listening about the negative words about the product, number of complaints boarded about the product and similar other ways (Jones 2001). The gravity of concerns presented by social consensus and marketing strategies, impacts the behaviour of consumer to decide whether to buy the product or not (Chen, Ganesan Liu, 2009). Rationally, consumers determinedly evaluate the concealed benefits of marketing initiatives and contribution of company in society welfare. Creyer Ross (1997), stated that when sales executive delivers false information about their product and hides vital facts about it, just to boost up sales of the product, it is considered highly patent unethical practice. Creyer Ross further added that majority of sales executive has a false implication of consumers desire, that they prefer entertainment over science and sports over education. Additionally, executives in marketing their products use sensual sex appeals in advertisements to attract consumers (Pits, Etzel Bello 1993). Ayub (2013) explained creators make use of sex appeal and nudity in advertisements. One more point to be noted is that, during past times another way to manipulate customers choices paradigm was using subliminal messaging. This technique was presented in 1960s for the marketing of products during movies. Rotfeld (2005) states that a firm which has now failed made use of this technique to boost sales of drinks and popcorns during movies. In actual, sales executives tries to take unjustified gain of consumers mental conditions and make them believe that they need the product which was not at all desired. Conversely, sometimes consumers are so passionate about some products that they trust anything what comes in the way (Rogers 2003). Such as, overweight people get obsessed with weight loss products and without checking its durability and consequences they buy the product. Validating it further, Polonsky, Carlson Fry (1997) stated that a harmful product is determined by its characteristics, if it carries any unsafe ingredient it is harmful. An idea harm chain was presented by Smith Cooper (2003) to measure the physiognomies of some product and inform about the harmful ingredients in it, if present any. The organizations that are more famous have the chances of being scrutinized more as well (Sun, Chen and Wang, 2012). Methodology A study focused on stakeholders in an organization, marketing employees, consumers and unethical practices was conducted. The method to choose academic journals specific in marketing to use in the above research, the references and reading provided by AFM in the year 2013 was used. The reason to choose these authors readings is that, there work is well respected amongst practitioners and in academic field. The fundamental reason for this methodology was to incorporate every one of the articles that had an all-around perceived effect in the field in the previous 25 years. To attain more European and international perception as well as being avoided as exclusionary, francophone and European journals were added. Every Journal used in the research and written has been scanned by two judges using a search engine ABI INFORM. As advised by Ballet and De Bry (2005) a keywords list was generated to examine literature review on marketing ethics. Those keywords were: stakeholders, business ethics, marketing, consumers, employees, sales executives and social marketing. The professional title for the paper was the result of analysis and to enhance the validity of readings and journals used to gain the information, proofreading was done twice. Analysis This article has examined studies published since last 25 years. Since 1990, 160 publishes articles has been researched which found out that, 89 of them are empirical while remaining 71 are conceptual. Out of these empirical 89 studies, some around 25 were used to conduct the study. A regression analysis was done to test as perceived magnitude of harm increases, the perceived fairness of the situation decreases, and the results are negative connection amid perceived fairness and magnitude of harm. Also can be said as, higher the magnitude, lower the fairness. As a whole, consumers are in high impact of manipulation by marketing experts, due to their own desires. They are considered as innocent souls and get fascinated by the advertisings and sugar coated words of sales executives, but the organizations that work ethically and market their product without false implications have high demands and better chance to exist in the market. Because once the consumer realises that the product is not worthy and he has been cheated, he loses trust for the brand and organization at that very second and negative word of mouth impacts several others. The outcomes of this research and review underline the fact that still numbers of investigations are needed to make ethics a discipline in the field of marketing. Conclusion In the coming time ethics in the field of marketing will even be more challenging, from different reasons and perceptions. Some of the primary reasons are expansion of various innovations in technology, such as, electronic marketing of books, legal advice, music, medical are some among many that will give ethics a more serious and tough competition . Innovative technologies might be in the market to determine customers interest while visiting a store or these technologies might even change the mood of customer while shopping. Added technology advancements might force a salesman to think about following questions. How much knowledge the executives must have about the customer they are seeking to reach? What are the ethical practices company must adopt while reaching customers? Ethics in marketing are still in the middle of expanding, trying to seek its ideological and conceptual base. The above research and review is a step towards progression of information in the area of marketing ethics. This analysis could be considered as a reference for further research of discipline in marketing ethics. If unethical practices are not stopped in the field of marketing, situation may worsen and no sooner than later the adversity will increase landing the consumer blocks in sheer trouble. References Brenkert, G. (2008). Marketing Ethics, Cambridge, MA: Blackwell. Drucker, P. (1995). The practice of Management, London: Heinemann. Gaski, H. John, F. (1999). Does Marketing Ethics Really has anything to Say? A critical inventory of the literature, Journal of Business Ethics, Pg. 315-334. Kimmel, J., Smith, N. and Klein, G. (2011). Ethical Decision Making and Research Deception in the Behavioural Sciences: An application of Social Contract Theory, Ethics in Behaviour, 21(3), 222-251. Kottman, E. (1990). Truth and the image of advertising, Journal of Marketing, Pg. 64-66. Laczniak, R. and Murphy, E. (2008). Ethical Marketing Decisions: The Higher Road, Needham Heights, MA: Allyn Bacon. Murphy, P. (2008). Marketing Ethic at the Millennium: Review, Reflections and Recommendations, in Norman E. Bowie (ed.), The Blackwell Guide to Business Ethics. Cambridge, MA, Blackwell, 165-185. Ballet, J. De Bry, F. (2001). Lentreprise et lthique ,The Organisation and Ethics@. Indit conomie, dition du seuil (in French). Batory, S., Neese, W. and Batory, A. (2005). Ethical marketing practice: An Investigation of Antecedents, Innovativeness and Business Performance, Journal of American Academy of Business, 6 (2). Mercier, S. (2004). Lthique dans les entreprises.Ethics in organisations@. dition La Dcouverte, Paris. 23. Alexander, E. C (2002). Consumer Reactions to Unethical Service Recovery, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 36 No. 3, pp. 223-237. Ayub, A., Aslam, M.S., Razzaq, A., and Iftekhar, H. (2013). Impact of Gender based Selling on Consumer Buying Behavior: Cultural Analysis of Consumer Markets in Pakistan, Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, Vol. 4 No. 11, pp. 427-43. Bello, D.C., Etzel, M.J., and Pitz, R.E. (1993). The communication effects of controversial sexual contents in television programs and commercials, Journal of Advertising, Vol. 3 No. 12, pp. 32-42. Bone, P. F. and Corey, R. J. (2001). Packaging Ethics: Perceptual Differences among Packaging Professionals, Brand Managers, and Ethically-interested Consumers, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 24 No. 3, pp. 199-213. Creyer, E. H. and Ross, W. T. (1997). The Influence of Firm Behavior on Purchase Intention: Do Consumers Really Care About Business Ethics?, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 14, pp. 421432. Holley, D. M. (1997). A Moral Evaluation of Sales Practices, Business Professional Ethics Journal, Vol. 5, pp. 3-21. Ingram, R., Skinner, S. J., and Taylor, V. A. (2008). Consumers evaluation of unethical marketing behaviors: The role of customer commitment, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 62 No. 3, pp. 237252. Jones, T. M. (2001). Ethical Decision Making by Individuals in Organizations: An Issue-Contingent Model, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 16, pp. 366-395. Polonsky, M.J., Carlson, L. and Fry, M-L. (1997). The harm chain: a public policy development and stakeholder perspective, Marketing Theory, Vol. 3 No. 3, pp. 345-64. Rogers, S. (2003). How a publicity blitz created the myth of subliminal advertising, Public Relations Quarterly, Winter, pp. 12-17. Rotfeld, H. J. (2005). The cynical use of marketing to the unwitting consumer, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 22 No. 2, pp. 60-61.

The Smartest Girls on the Screen †Most Educated Female Characters

This one should be about famous and smart female movie characters. For example, the Poison Ivy from the Batman movie, who was a scientistAdvertising We will write a custom article sample on The Smartest Girls on the Screen – Most Educated Female Characters specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is such a pleasure to see a smart woman on screen, even if she is a totally imaginary character. It strikes a blow against painful and damaging stereotypes, and wakes up the audience to new possibilities. If she happens to be strong and decisive, all the better. There have been great female brains for decades, if you know where to look. The wonderful Katherine Hepburn was sharp as a letter opener in in Desk Set, a 1957 film with Spencer Tracy . She plays Bunny Watson, an information operator for a huge TV station. This job description is a sort of combination of Siri from the iPhone with access to Google, and a fabulous figure besides. She answers any and all sorts of questions from the other staff at the station, keeping the reporters and talking heads from making utter fools of themselves. Spencer Tracy plays an efficiency expert consultant who tries to install a computer in this entirely female-staffed department of brainy youngish women. As you might expect, he and the computer are both vanquished by love and the cleverness of Hepburn. Hepburn, in the 1949 film, Adam’s Rib, had played a lady lawyer opposing her husband in a case of a woman shooting her husband, so embodying someone smart, assertive, and highly competent was not a new sort of role for her. Tracy was her opposite number in this earlier flim, and they were joined by a wonderful comedienne, Judy Holliday. A year later, in 1959, Holliday created a territific and paradoxical smart girl role in Born Yesterday. She played the uneducated quintessentially blonde girlfriend of a self-made magnate, tutored by a handsome young professor type  œ William Holden. Over the course of the movie, she learns to read and think critically and analytically. She comes into her own intellectually, and ends up showing just how smart she actually is. Needless to say, William Holden is enchanted by her, and her boorish boyfriend is kicked to the curb. More recently, consider the smartest witch at Hogwarts – Hermione Granger. She gets her male classmates out of trouble every few minutes. The Harry Potter films would be pretty one dimensional without her magical and emotional insights.Advertising Looking for article on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consider also Sigourney Weaver’s wonderfully resourceful character, Ellen Ripley, in the Aliens series. This gal figures out how to defend herself against a swiftly evolving super-predator. In the later film, she defends her young companion as well. Weaver also portrayed a wonderfully bright woman in Avata r. Dr. Grace Augustine is the ultimate anthropologist. She immerses herself in the culture of Pandora, and ultimately becomes part of its wisdom, as the roots of the local tree life form surround her body and communicate with and through her. Of course, smart women don’t have to be blue, half-naked, or dripping alien mucous in order to be effective. In Brewster’s Millions, Lonette McKee demonstrates a woman’s total mastery of numbers. Dana Scully, of X-Files fame, is another smarty-pants woman. As a scientist, she maintains the skepticism needed to counterbalance Fox’s credulousness about things that go bump in the night. How she manages to deal with the paranormal, crypto species, and spontaneous combustion without disarranging that gorgeous red hair is a mystery in itself. Other brilliant film scientists who happen to be women include Indiana Jones’ former lover and archeological equal, Marion Ravenwood in Raiders of the Lost Ark. She is matched by a similarly brilliant Nazi scientist with strong feelings for both Dr. Jones senior and junior – Elsa Schneider. In The Last Crusade, Elsa turns out to be a baddie, but she meets her end by following the Holy Grail into the depths of the earth – literally. James Bond even encountered another scientist misguided into putting her intelligence to work for evil. Holly Goodhead in Moonraker is in the employ of the nefarious Drax. She is literally a lady rocket scientist. Such brilliant females on the side of wrong, however unintentionally, are rare but not vanishingly so. Another archeologist, and one whose role is rather ambiguous at times, is Dr, River Song in Dr. Who. She does some naughty things along the way to loving the Doctor – things that get her into prison. Meanwhile, she learns to fly the TARDIS better than he can.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on The Smartest Girls on the Screen – Most Educated Female Characters specific ally for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More But there are much more heinous lady villains, Think of the one-eyed villainess in Dr. Who, leading a massive army of assorted galactic races to try and defeat the Doctor. Madame Kovarian is a crafty one, she is, and she has a plan that spans decades, that involves acting as midwife to Amy Pond. However, it would be too easy to focus on the Who franchise. So many juicy parts for smart women! Think of all the other smart villainesses out there. Poison Ivy becomes both super-heroine and villainess , opposing Batman and his alter ego Bruce Wayne. She is a bit misguided, but she has a profound vision of the importance of the plant kingdom in the overall health of the Earth. She seems to have started out in the Batman comics, but being a cartoon should not be a bar to being an intelligent woman character. Think of Lisa Simpson, who is wise beyond her years, and a fine saxophonist besides. The Simpsons would be pret ty silly without her insights. Whether in a series, or in stand-alone films, smart women characters light up the screen. If they are smart themselves, the makers of films and TV shows will realize that audiences love brainy ladies. Here’s to intelligence in our female characters! This article on The Smartest Girls on the Screen – Most Educated Female Characters was written and submitted by user Troy S. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Get Copies of Birth, Marriage and Death Certificates

Get Copies of Birth, Marriage and Death Certificates Vital records- birth certificates, marriage certificates, death certificates, and divorce decrees- are one of the best resources to help build a family tree.  Once you determine the state where the birth, death, marriage or divorce occurred, select the state from the list below to learn how to get a certified copy of the vital record or where to find free vital records online.   Where to Find U.S. Vital Records A AlabamaAlaskaArizonaArkansas C CaliforniaCanal ZoneColoradoConnecticut D DelawareDistrict of Columbia F Florida G Georgia H Hawaii I IdahoIllinoisIndianaIowa K KansasKentucky L Louisianna M MaineMarylandMassachusettesMichiganMinnesotaMississippiMissouriMontana N NebraskaNevadaNew HampshireNew JerseyNew MexicoNew YorkNew York CityNorth CarolinaNorth Dakota O OhioOklahomaOregon P PennsylvaniaPuerto Rico R Rhode Island S South CarolinaSouth Dakota T TennesseTexas U Utah V VermontVirginiaVirgin Islands W WashingtonWest VirginaWisconsinWyoming Vital records  are one of the best resources for helping you to build your family tree due to their: Completeness- Vital records usually cover a large percentage of the population and include a wide variety of information for linking families.Reliability- Because they are usually created close to the time of the event by someone with personal knowledge of the facts and because most governments have measures in place to try and ensure their accuracy, vital records are a fairly reliable form of genealogical information.Availability- Since they are official documents,  governments have made an effort to preserve vital records with newer records being found in local government offices and older records residing in a variety of record repositories and archives. Why Vital Records May Not Be  Available In the United States, the responsibility for registering vital events is left to the individual states.  Many states, however, did not require birth, death or marriage records to be registered until late into the 1800s, and in some cases not until the early to mid-1900s. While some New England states kept town and county records as early as the 1600s, other states such as Pennsylvania and South Carolina didnt require birth registration until 1906 and 1913, respectively.  Even after registration was required by law, not all  births, marriages and deaths were reported- the  compliance rate may have been as low as 50-60% in earlier years, depending upon the time and place. People living in rural areas often found it an inconvenience to take a day from work to travel many miles to the local registrar. Some people were suspicious of the governments reasons for wanting such information and simply refused to register. Others may have registered the birth of one child, but not others . Registration of births, marriages,  and deaths is much more accepted today, however, with current rates of registration closer to 90-95%. Marriage records, unlike birth and death records, can also usually be found at the county level, and are often available from the date the county was organized (going back into the 1700s in some instances). In some areas, marriage records may also be found at the town level (e.g. New England), the city level (e.g. NYC) or the parish level (e.g. Louisiana).

Franchise Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Franchise - Research Paper Example The agreement is based on the periodic loyalty payments made by the franchisee to the franchise, in regards to the revenue generated from the business operation (Rupert et al, 2008). In the context of selecting the appropriate franchise, various factors are considered, which include the requirements, its market viability, competition among other factors. Therefore, as a started, it is financially rational to select a franchise with reasonable investment requirement (Mendelsohn, 2010, p.120). In Richmond, Indiana, there are numerous franchises already operating. One of the rarely seen but viable business opportunities is the Archive IT franchise. This is one of the potentially profitable franchises with many suitable features. Archive IT is in a category comprising the emerging industry franchises. Archive IT franchise’s deals with the provision of document archiving and digital scanning among other computer related services. Their systems allow for record conservations, secure cloud access and the option of searching text stored. The mission of the company is to enable other businesses to handle the issue of data and information storage in a more advanced manner. The operating philosophy of the franchise is that in the near past, most companies have been struggling with the aspect of data storage in paper work. Considering the next few years, many companies will go paperless. Therefore, this franchise aims at providing the best solution to the older resource intensive data handling methods. This corporation began franchising in 2011. This franchiser is currently selling franchises throughout the US. The total investment required from the franchisee ranges between $66, 350- $196, 300. The exact amount of the investment depends on many factors including the geographical location of the franchisee and the infrastructure proximity of the business. Franchise fee is $ 25, 000, with a periodic royalty fee of 5% of the total revenue

Big brother show Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Big brother show - Research Paper Example The relevance of a media product encompasses political, social, technological, and cultural features. With urbanization and globalization, societies integrated resulting in cultural and contextual fusions. Because of the integration, social and cultural features became common as the media became an integral influencer of cultures (Kopp and Max 25). The increased human interaction broke the previously existing definitive cultures resulting in independent families with relative lifestyles. In such societies, the consumption of media content thus becomes relative as some of the features of television shows require social advisories and have relative relevance to the contemporary social and cultural structures as presented in the analysis of the Big brother show below. The Big brother show is one of the most watched television programs globally; the program is a reality show measuring the adaptability of housemates to different environments. It is a personality evaluation program. The mu ltibillion-dollar program selects participants from all over Africa and converges them in a single institution for a duration of two months a period within which the moderators evaluate their personality traits and their ability to adapt to the new metropolitan environment. While at the facility, the contestants face numerous challenges and evaluated on their ability to overcome the different social, cultural, and political challenges. The program has massive viewership and the organizers continue to market the show through the social media such as Facebook and twitter thus creating a big international viewership for their show. Just as with any other media product in the contemporary society, the show presents a number of both disadvantages and disadvantages thereby imploring relative consumption and assimilation of the ideas it represents. Africa is a multi-ethnic society with hundreds of smaller societies each speaking different dialects. The different societies thus exhibited di verse cultural practices effectively communicated through their different native languages. However, with colonization the different African states further adopted different European languages such as English, French, and German among others, which thus became their official languages. The Big Brother show draws participants from these societies indiscriminately creating a virtual society with several smaller cultures. The Big Brother show is a typical representation of a modern social setup, the show seeks to integrate the countries in Africa by uniting the people in their differences. Most of the participants and their fans align their likeness or hatred of the different countries depending on the nature of the relationship among them while at the house. The show’s main objective is to unite Africa thereby developing a cohesive society that share cultural and social values despite their differences (Andrejevic 33). Different African countries have previously had civil wars and political conflicts thus disintegrating the societies further. Such a social television program as the Big Brother provides an effective social platform for uniting the disintegrated countries. Citizens of a country unite and rally behind contestants from their countries a feature that effectively unites the diverse ethnic groups in the countries. The fans interact extensively on the social media such as Facebook, Instagram and Twitter among others. In the normal political context, such societies fight and antagonize each other for presenting conflicting political and social ideologies. However, during their patronage of the Big Brother show, they all unite thereby presenting similar views and support about the different

Mussolinis successful rise to power by 1922 Essay Example for Free

Mussolinis successful rise to power by 1922 Essay Analyze the claim that Mussolinis successful rise to power by 1922 was largely a consequence of the impact of the First World War. Without a doubt, the role of the First World War in Mussolinis spectacular rise to power between 1920 and 1922 was considerable, for it was surely a strong catalyst for change and Italys renewal, meaning it gave way to many problematic economical and political aspects, which in turn gave Mussolini the chance to strike at the precise moment in order to have a direct affect on people and ergo win their support. These were aspects such as the damage of the foundations of Liberal Italy, which had as a consequence the rise of frustration within nationalists and the decrease in wages and increase in the level of unemployment in the country, all of which were obviously disastrous. Therefore, Italian people started to doubt their government, which seemed weak, and initiated a search for a new, stronger leadership which would bring to cease the social unrest and economic problems; to this, Fascism seemed like the perfect alternative and solution. Nevertheless, the impact of the First World War was just to certain extent the reason for Mussolinis rise to power, for there were many other factors affecting the path of Italy into a Fascist dictatorship. These other factors were the already mentioned weak liberal regime, nationalist dissatisfaction and social and economic unrest, as well as Mussolinis opportunism, the Fascists actions and the Kings (Victor Emmanuel) doings. Dealing first with the impact of the war and the numerous consequences it had, it is necessary to point out that it was the war that brought the distress among soldiers and their families, who consequently turned to Fascism as a comfort, which implicates that the war provided a great number of employers for Fascism who were from the elite troops of the Italian army, (or Arditi); this gave Mussolinis movement a great deal of prestige. The war also brought discontent within the Italian political system; this had an effect on million of Italians who started believing that the time of liberalism was finally over; a fact which greatly accelerated the process of the formation of new political parties, such as the Socialist party, and the Popolari (formed by catholic radicals). The formation of these new parties meant a heavy burden for the Liberal government, because with a new opposition and challenge their regime was in danger, nevertheless the Liberal State found itself in a high level of vulnerability seeing that it was incapable of mobilizing the economy with the purpose of eliminating the countrys economic troubles, and finding a way around its limited economic resources; this only provided the masses with new restlessness concerning their government, and ergo made them consider what seemed a more decisive power: Fascism, which seemed to have the key property to put an end to the domestic situation, which after the war was only deteriorating further; causing lifestyles to worsen for the majority of the Italian population, which was the main reason for the sense of social breakdown that was spreading throughout the country. To this, Giolitti could either see no solution, or simply did nothing to stop it, for the Liberal regime could not get rid of the social unrest which gave way to strikes of over 40000 workers. On the other hand, communism seemed to be growing in the form of a political power: the Socialist party, which was in great scale believed to be an enormous threat and therefore any show of strength from this party was greatly feared for it was thought that it might bring revolution. This encouraged most of the social classes to believe in Fascism as it posed as the savoir to this menace and as the defender of law and order. The adoption of this heroic image by the fascists could also be regarded as a degree of opportunism from Mussolinis character, for the tension that was created by the fear of Socialism of the industrialists (who feared revolution was near), small land owners (who were deeply hit by inflation and therefore felt that their government was a weak one), Industrial workers (who were threatened by the seizure of their jobs by the socialist forces) and rentiers created the perfect atmosphere for Mussolini to put into practice his skills and tactics. Mussolini successfully abused the fears of a Socialist takeover from these classes to enable them to consider Fascism not only as an alternative, but as a perfect answer to the request of a powerful and decisive government. Mussolini, to great extent, persuaded people to believe the above by the use of his extraordinary speaking skills, to which he integrated the ideas of bringing order, stability, commitment, discipline and a strong government to Italy; (which were the exact properties of a government that the Italian masses were seeking at the moment), as well as convincing the middle classes that liberalism was finished, (as already mentioned). Moreover, his astuteness served him in convincing people that they (fascists) were violent because it [was] necessary to be so (a direct line from a speech he makes after the murder of a socialist leader), meaning that he was doing what was necessary to complete the correction of Italy. While he convinced the masses that the atrocities committed by fascists were perfectly reasonable by saying that blood alone moves the wheels of history, he was simultaneously using this violent authority to secure political power for his own later use; this meant that the black-shirted actions squads were taking law into their own hands, and by doing so, they were eliminating all those who dared to oppose this fascist movement. To some degree, this use of intimidation was very effective, for it meant that fascism would gain support by force which was obviously directed by fear within the supporters. An example of this successful intimidation was the violent general elections where Fascism gained a considerable amount of seats due to the brutality used to achieve control. But although violence was greatly used, and regardless of the fact that it put Mussolini in position to threaten the state, Mussolini was aware of all the possible consequences that his actions could bring, such as provoking the conservatives to make the authorities crush the fascists if their use of violence went too far; this measure of consciousness made him a great politician. Furthermore, in contrast to the slow Liberal reaction, Fascists were fast to accept their role as the alternative to Socialism and dealt with the Social General Strike with great speed; and by putting a stop to the socialist threat they won many votes in the parliament and had an effective result in the support of Italians; on the other hand, the lack of reaction from the Liberals only showed their incompetence to restore law, order and public confidence in their regime; which in turn continued encouraging the urban educated classes to keep thinking that they were in the path towards a civil war, meaning that the sense of crisis in the circumstances had not yet ceased to exist. In addition, Mussolini exploited to the full the situation of the General Strike and thought of it as the opportune moment to oppose the communist threat and hence use the socialists failure to appeal to the people as a man whose intentions were to save Italy from its inadequate Liberal government and propose a new regime which would be the salvation of Italy. All the while, Mussolini used his character and skills at discourse to reassure to the Liberal government that fascism, unlike Socialism, was not to be feared, this could be regarded as another opportunist strike from Mussolinis part for it served him into luring Giliotti into thinking that Fascism (Mussolinis PFN) could be controlled and absorbed into the existing political regime, meaning the official government list of coalition partners, to form an anti-socialist government coalition. This would come to be one of the biggest mistakes from the Liberals side, for; of course, Mussolini used absorption to his advantage for it gave him a level of respectability as a political party and therefore allowed the Fascists to win more seats, this was a great occasion for Mussolini for he wanted to come to power through parliamentary means. Then again, as expected, this invitation by Giolitti to enter the coalition was the result of a loss of liberal maintained seats in the parliament; seats that were lost to the Socialist party. This situation in which Giolitti was forced to look towards coalitions for support is linked to when he had formed a coalition with the Popolari, which was a political party formed by radical Catholics. This, again, clearly shows the fundamental weakness of the Liberal government for it was completely dependant on this coalition to survive within the parliament and to ad to its already mentioned problems; this was a very problematic relationship because the Popolari were rather suspicious of the Liberals anti-clericalism. The fact that it was once before also dependent on the making of coalitions, the weaknesses of the Liberal Parliamentary System are shown to have been evident long before 1922. Likewise, a further great weakness that the Liberals possessed was the lack of political will to use their own power of violence against the Squadrisimo fascist squads in order to restrain them; and by being deficient in having this determination, the fascist squads continued to perform acts of violence which ensured the fascist to induce fear and therefore eliminate opposition by intimidation. Yet in contrary to all these factors affecting Mussolinis rise to power; his vagueness and lack of any definite political beliefs gave Mussolini a unique sense of ambiguousness, and due to this Mussolini was able to influence and manipulate people so that they would perceive fascism in the way he wanted the to; this opened many paths to Mussolini throughout his career as a politician. The actions of King, Victor Emmanuel, were also crucial in the process of Mussolinis rapid rise to power. This is mainly because the King could have stopped the fascist forces if only he had not been afraid of being replaced by his cousin, Aosta. He was afraid of this because he believed that his cousin, being a fascist sympathizer, would want to replace him if he dared to oppose Mussolini in any aspect. On the other hand, it is believed that the King believed Mussolinis claims that the Monarchy and Fascism could coexist and therefore acceded to his demands, and actually appointed him head of coalition government. On the other hand, it is also said that it was weakness which made the King give into fascism as easily, for he did not believe that anything could be done against fascism; that is was too strong. Nevertheless, it is also greatly believed that Fascism could have been destroyed in 1922, in the March on Rome, of only the King had been strong enough as to oppose Mussolini, because there was a great deal of disorganization within the Fascists, meaning there was a lack of planning of this supposedly great movement, plus Mussolini was under a immense amount of pressure (from the RAS), and was going through a great depression which made him somehow weaker and easier to defeat; and therefore the army could have easily stopped it if only orders have been transmitted to it. A counter argument for this claim that it was weakness which stopped the king from acting is that he thought that Italy was walking into a full-scale civil war, and therefore, to prevent it, he took no measures against Fasc ism, and that, in addition, in that time he was under a great deal of pressure, and ergo did not make what could have been the best decision. Another vital decision that the King took was to appoint Mussolini as Prime minister, although this decision could also be blamed on the weakness of the Liberal regime, because if it had not been so indecisive, the King would not have been forced to take this step towards a dictatorship, thus if the Liberal government had been more able, and had not underestimated Mussolini then the King would not have been under so much pressure and would have probably made a better decision than to appoint Mussolini as Prime Minister. But as we can see, the March on Rome, instead of leading to a disastrous moment in Mussolinis life as it could have; it was the catalyst to the rise of power of Mussolini, for it provided the exact amount of pressure the King needed to make Mussolini the youngest Prime Minister of Italy. With the above historical debate we can say that the First World War provided the necessary conditions for Mussolinis rise to power, however, these were not sufficient and therefore other affecting factors were eventually needed to complete his successful rise to power, such as the terribly weak Liberal government which enabled the Italian people to look elsewhere for strong leadership and ergo turn to Fascism as an alternative and solution to the Socialist threat, and the brilliant tactics that Mussolini uses as well as his great deal of opportunism which made him capable to turn disastrous situations to his advantage. Such as the Matteoti crisis which forced him to use his ability to speak in front of the masses and convince them of the justification for violence; he also benefited from this crisis by abusing the fact that all other forces in the parliament left hi alone and in control of it. Having said the above, it can be understood that Mussolinis rise to power was, as Richard Parrish describes: a multi-causal phenomenon.

George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four 1984 :: Free Essays on 1984

As Winston Smith entered his apartment building, he passed a familiar poster. "It was one of those pictures which are so contrived that the eyes follow you about when you move. BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU, the caption beneath it ran." Then Winston opened the door to his flat to be greeted by a voice on his "telescreen" - a device he could dim, but never shut off completely. Telescreens broadcasted government propaganda and served as the eyes and ears of the Thought Police, who scrutinized everyone for any possible deviation from acceptable thought or action. In the flat was a tiny alcove just out of sight from the telescreen's vision. Winston sat down to write in his diary, an act that was not officially illegal "but if detected it was reasonably certain that it would be punished by death . . . " While he sat writing, a recent memory stirred in his mind; the "Two Minutes Hate," a government-sponsored work break in which every worker at the Ministry of Truth was required to participate, had consisted that day of an interlude when everyone raged and screamed as the telescreen alternately flashed images of enemy Eurasian soldiers and Goldstein, an abhorred traitor. That morning, Winston had noticed a "bold-looking girl of about twenty-six" who worked in the Fiction Department. This particular girl - wearing the bright scarlet sash of the official anti-sex league - gave him "the impression of being more dangerous than most," and Winston had that unnerving feeling that she was watching him. A few days later, Winston walked through the working-class "prole" neighborhood to the antique shop where he had bought his diary. Though class barriers stood tensely in place throughout Oceania, Mr. Charrington, the shop owner, welcomed him and invited him upstairs to see other items. There wasn't much there, but Winston liked the old-fashioned room; it didn't even have a telescreen. When Winston again slipped out onto the street, he passed the dark-haired girl from the Fiction Department. Now he was sure she was an informant. Back at work, as Winston walked toward the lavatory, the girl reappeared in the hall. Then, just a few feet in front of him, she stumbled and fell. When he offered his hand to help her up, she slipped him a scrap of paper. Shaken, Winston decided to open the paper later at the cubicle where he rewrote old newspaper articles, deleting any reference to persons who had deviated from orthodoxy.

How can Wal-Mart Keep Low Prices

When Sam Walton opened his first store, the Five and Dime, he had no idea that he would become a success. He started his first store with one vision – to keep prices as low as possible. He knew that by keeping the prices low, his profit would not be as large as his competitor’s but he also knew that he could compensate this by the volume of sales. Soon he was opening new stores in other states and its sales reached millions of dollars. At present, Wal-mart is the biggest corporation surpassing its competitors (Jim Hightower) It has over more than a hundred retail stores all over the world making the Waltons some of the richest people in the world. S. Robson Walton is ranked by London’s â€Å"Rich List 2001† as the wealthiest human on the planet having more than $65 billion surpassing Bill Gates. (Jim Hightower) Its present status was however not attained overnight. There were several strategies adopted by Wal-Mart which made it the world’s largest retailer. The first is the use of technology. Wal-Mart was the first to use the Universal Bar Code system. As the largest retailer, Wal-Mart was able to force manufacturers of products to adopt a common labeling called the bar code. The bar code contains details about the product which tells the retailers information such as how many of the said products have been sold and how many are still remaining. This system helped improve the way inventories are done in stores. With the bar code system, retail store owners no loner need to hire employees to conduct the inventory and the inventory system is now more accurate. Another business strategy adopted by Wal-Mart to keep prices low is its adoption of the corporate culture of frugality. The Waltons were very careful about spending their money and they lived a very simple lifestyle. They also demanded frugality from their employees. Frugality is so imbedded in its culture that even the company’s headquarters is located in Arkansas which is very old and looks dull. The executives of the company do not ride in fancy limousines and nor do they reside in expensive hotels. Instead, the executives shared budget-hotel rooms with their colleagues. (Caroline Wilbert) The corporate culture of frugality was manifested in the way the wages of their employees are being paid. It is said that the company pays an average wage of $9. 68 an hour which is definitely not enough for the employees to maintain a decent standard of living. (Gregory Heires) There have been complaints that the said company even compels its employees and managers to work overtime without paying them additional compensation for overtime work. The employees do not have adequate health care insurance and other benefits. Health care insurances are essential especially for employees who are earning barely enough for their daily living. Even if these employees get sick they will get some help from health care providers for their medicine and hospitalization expenses. Research, however, shows that â€Å"Wal-Mart's health insurance covers 44% or approximately 572,000 of its 1. 3 million U. S. workers. [In comparison, Wal-Mart rival Brown & Cole Stores insures approximately 96% of its 2,000 eligible workers. Further, Wal-Mart spends an average of $3,500 per employee for health care, 27% less than the retail-industry average of $4,800. †(â€Å"Wal-Mart†) Wal-Mart adopted an aggressive policy against labor unions. The role of unions in workplaces is very important. They ensure that the employees are given the wages and benefits which the law gives them. It is said that in North America, Wal-Mart has thwarted efforts to create union through aggressive anti-union tactics such as managerial surveillance and pre-emptive closures of stores or departments who choose to unionize. (â€Å"Wal-Mart†) Initially, Wal-Mart advertised the â€Å"Buy American† campaign. However, in order to maintain its low prices, Wal-Mart had to look for other suppliers which offered products for a lesser price than the suppliers in the United States. Eventually Wal-Mart began looking at other countries for the cheapest source of production. In 1995, Wal-Mart said that 6 percent of its total merchandise was imported. A decade later, experts estimated that Wal-Mart imported about 60 percent of its merchandise. (Caroline Wilbert) Today, Wal-Mart is considered the largest importer of Chinese-made products in the world, buying $10 billion worth of merchandise from several thousand Chinese factories. (Jim Hightower) There is, however, a price for the success of this management policy of Wal-Mart. For the company to maintain low prices for its buyers and customers, it has to reduce its expenses in the barest minimum – including wages, benefits, working conditions, supplies and products. As a result, Wal-Mart has been criticized worldwide for its business policies by other business organization, religious organization. Among the issues raised against it are: a) low wages it pays to its employees, cases of union busting, lack of health care and employee benefits, use of foreign labor, discrimination against women, It bears stressing that the current management policy of Wal-Mart is devastating for the millions of its employees worldwide. Though it may have generated employment, it has also created unemployment insofar as the employees of their competitors are concerned. For its existing employees, their working condition is far from being ideal. The purpose of this research project is to prove that it is possible for Wal-Mart to improve the wages and benefits it gives to its employees and at the same time maintain the prices of their products low. The philosophy is clear and definite – Wal-Mart can maintain the low prices of its products without hurting its employees. The persons who will be interested in this research project are not only the employees who will be benefited by the increase in their wages and benefits but also the consumers who desire to ensure that the prices of products in Wal-Mart remain the same. II. I believe that it is possible for Wal-Mart to improve the wages and benefits it gives to its thousands of employees and at the same time maintain the prices of their products low. As proof, I aim to use studies made by economists and researchers. One potential secondary source that will prove the said point is the studies conducted by the Economic Policy Institute which is cited in the article of Emily Kaiser entitled â€Å"US: Wal-Mart Could Hike Pay and Keep Prices Low: Study. † Researchers have also concluded that if only Wal-Mart would reduce its profit margin to about 2. 9%, where it stood in 1997, from the 3. 6% margin it recorded last year that would free up about $2. 3 billion to pay workers without raising prices. † (Emily Kaiser) The primary research tool that could be used for this research is the examination into the Income Statement of the Wal-Mart Inc. These are public documents which could be looked into by any citizen. By examining the company’s Income Statement, we will be able to find out just how much money the company is earning in a year. If a small portion of these earnings will only be equitably distributed, then the employees will experience an improvement in their living condition. Another primary research tool are Internet sources which shows the extent of the complaints, criticisms and suits against Wal-Mart. By looking into the information from these sources, one can conclude that the wealth and success of Wal-Mart was made at the expense of its employees.

The Powers And Limitations Of Power For The Three Branches...

Articles 1, 2, and 3 in the constitution discuss the powers and limitations of power for the three branches of government. There are checks and balances to keep one branch dominating the government. These factors work hand in hand to create our government. Article 1 Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution gives Congress its many, but limited, powers enabling it to serve its purpose. Congress’s main powers are: to collect, levy, and raise taxes, to make laws regarding bankruptcy, naturalization of its citizens, and otherwise regulate commerce, to coin money and regulate its value, to create post offices and roads, to protect a person s intellectual property, and to declare war, this includes raising land and naval forces. Other powers that Congress has is to borrow money on credit of the United States, to regulate commerce with other nations, between states and with Indian tribes. Article I Section 9 of the Constitution states the limitations of Congress. One of the limitations is ruling a case where ex post facto is happening. This means that they are not allowed to charge a person with crimes that were not specified when the crime was committed. This was the argument of Peugh in the Peugh vs. United States case. A second limitatio n is to prevent Congress from passing bills of attainder, this goes along with the 6th amendment of the Constitution. The last of the main limitations is so that they are not allowed to suspend the writ of habeas corpus. This protects the peopleShow MoreRelatedGovernment: Constitutional Powers and Limits1210 Words   |  5 Pages(US Const. Preamble). They intended to establish a central government without granting it too much power. To ensure that, the framers both, limited and empowered the government in certain ar- eas. 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